ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Hierarchical Microstructure-Mechanical Property Correlations in Superior Strength 5 wt% Cr Cold-Work Tool Steel Manufactured by Direct Energy Deposition.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Editor's Choice Articles in the Manufacturing Processes and Systems Section: Emerging Directions in Advanced Manufacturing.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The direct energy deposition (DED) metal additive manufacturing process enables rapid deposition and repair, providing an efficient approach to producing durable tool steel components. Here, 5 wt% Cr cold-work tool steel (Caldie) was developed by reducing carbon and chromium to suppress coarse carbide formation and by increasing molybdenum and vanadium to enhance dimensional stability. In this study, Caldie tool steel was fabricated via DED for the first time, and the effects of post-heat treatment on its hierarchical microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated and compared with those of wrought (reference) material. The as-built sample exhibited a mixed microstructure comprising lath martensite, retained austenite, polygonal ferrite, and carbide networks, which transformed into full martensite with fine carbides after heat treatment (DED-HT). The tensile strength of the DED Caldie material increased from 1340 MPa to 1949 MPa after heat treatment, demonstrating superior strength compared to other heat-treated, DED-processed high-carbon tool steels. Compared to DED-HT, the wrought material exhibited finer martensite, a more uniform Bain group distribution, and finer carbides, resulting in higher strength. This study provides insights into the effects of heat treatment on the hierarchical microstructure and mechanical behavior of Caldie tool steel manufactured by DED.
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