ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Factors Affecting Consolidation in Geopolymers for Stabilization of Galvanic Sludge.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reactivity Assessment of Diverse Aluminosilicate Wastes in Metakaolin-Based Alkali-Activated Binders.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Geopolymers and Alkali-Activated Materials: Preparation and Properties.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Chelating, Reducing, and Adsorbing Agents in Geopolymers for Heavy Metals Stabilization from Galvanic Sludge.Polymers · 2025Article
- The Behavior of Industrial Wastes as a Replacement for Metakaolin Before Geopolymerization: A Comparative Study.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Design of Experiments Approach for Efficient Heavy Metals Stabilization Using Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study explores the potential of metakaolin-based geopolymers, activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, for the solidification and stabilization of heavy metals present in galvanic sludge-a hazardous industrial waste rich in chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe). The research investigates factors affecting the cold consolidation of the pastes, such as NaOH molarity (8 or 10 M) and time of preparation of activating solutions (24 h in advance or soon before the fresh paste preparation), the sequence of experimental steps (the sludge added to the fresh paste or to the powder of metakaolin) and amount of waste (10 or 20 per cent by weight over metakaolin). The final products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Mechanical performance and durability assessments, including compressive strength and water stability tests, were conducted to evaluate the suitability of the geopolymer for construction applications. Leaching tests according to EU regulation demonstrated promising heavy metal immobilization, highlighting the effectiveness of the geopolymerization process in reducing metal leachability. It was found that the factors affecting immobilization are more evident for Cr than for Ni, whose immobilization percentages are very high. In particular, it was observed that preparing the mixture by adding sludge after metakaolin activation increased Cr immobilization from 83% to 89%. Similarly, preparing the activating solution 24 h before mixing the sludge and geopolymer increased the percentage from 89 to 95.
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Registered trials
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