Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40647810›Full record

ArticlePolymers2025

Additive Manufacturing of Thermoset Elastomer-Thermoplastic Composites Using Dual-Extrusion Printing.

Nathalia Diaz Armas, Geet Bhandari, Stiven Kodra, Jinde Zhang, David Kazmer, Joey Mead

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Nathalia Diaz ArmasDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
Geet BhandariDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
Stiven KodraDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
Jinde ZhangDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2878-3719
David KazmerDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1166-4043
Joey MeadDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.

Funding

National Science Foundation 1822141, 1822147, and 1822157
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This work investigated the 3D printing of fully compounded thermoset elastomers using a custom-designed printer capable of processing both thermoplastics and elastomers containing fillers and specific cure packages. The adhesion strength between selected thermoset elastomers and thermoplastic combinations was studied, and the influence of key process parameters on adhesion was evaluated. The results showed that interfacial bonding was favored by the proximity of solubility parameters, the amorphous morphology of the thermoplastic, and increased chain mobility at the processing temperature. Rubber processing parameters significantly influenced adhesion, showing that curing at a lower temperature for a longer duration yielded better results than shorter, higher-temperature cures. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of rubber-specific components on the thermoplastic surface, suggesting interfacial migration. These findings contribute to advancing multi-material 3D printing by enabling the integration of rubber-like materials with thermoplastics, expanding opportunities for applications in high-temperature and chemically demanding environments.

Indexed as

3D printingadhesion strengthfully compounded rubbermulti-material additive manufacturingthermoplastics

Identifiers

PMID40647810
PMCPMC12251751

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.