Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40647173›Full record

ArticleNutrients2025

Serum Magnesium, Prescribed Magnesium Replacement and Cardiovascular Events in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A National Cohort Study in U.S. Veterans.

Ying Yin, Yan Cheng, Andrew R Zullo, Yijun Shao, Helen M Sheriff, Charles Faselis, Simin Liu, Ali Ahmed, Qing Zeng-Treitler, Wen-Chih Wu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ying YinDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2156-4588
Yan ChengDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Andrew R ZulloDepartment of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
Yijun ShaoDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Helen M SheriffDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Charles FaselisDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Simin LiuDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Joe C. Wen School of Population and Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2098-3844
Ali AhmedDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6832-6424
Qing Zeng-TreitlerDepartment of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
Wen-Chih WuDepartment of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2834-2024

Funding

National Health Lung and Blood Institute of the NIH 5R01HL156518
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo investigate the relationship between serum magnesium levels, prescribed oral magnesium replacement, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsThis nationwide retrospective study analyzed 1,284,940 US Veterans (≥18 years) with T2D who had outpatient serum magnesium testing between 1999-2021 in the Veterans Health Administration. The relationship between serum magnesium levels and MACE (hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, or all-cause mortality) was determined using multivariable-adjusted Cox-regression models. Using a new-user-design and propensity-score-matching approach, we further related the use of prescribed oral magnesium and MACE among patients with hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium <1.8 mg/dL) and normomagnesemia (serum magnesium 1.8-2.3 mg/dL).

resultsOf 1,284,940 patients with T2D, 229,210 (17.8%) patients had hypomagnesemia, and 117,674 (9.2%) patients had hypermagnesemia (serum magnesium >2.3 mg/dL). Compared to patients with normomagnesemia (serum magnesium 1.8-2.3 mg/dL), those with either hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia had elevated hazards for MACE. The risk increased with the severity of serum magnesium abnormalities in both directions-low (hazard ratios [HRs] 1.11-1.20) and high (HRs 1.04-1.39)-in a parabolic pattern. Oral magnesium was prescribed to 9.7% and 0.7% of patients with hypomagnesemia and normomagnesemia, respectively. After propensity-score-matching balanced across 64 baseline characteristics, oral magnesium was associated with a lower MACE risk in 40,766 matched patients with hypomagnesemia (HR 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-0.93), especially those on proton-pump-inhibitors or thiazides. Oral magnesium was not related to MACE in 11,838 matched patients with normomagnesemia (HR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.97-1.17).

conclusionsIn patients with T2D, both hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia were associated with higher one-year MACE risks compared to normomagnesemia. Prescribed oral magnesium was associated with a reduced MACE risk in hypomagnesemia but not in normomagnesemia.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2MagnesiumVeteransAgedCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMagnesium DeficiencyMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesUnited StatesMagnesiumcardiovascular diseasehypermagnesemiahypomagnesemiaMACEmagnesium replacementprescribed magnesiumtype 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40647173
PMCPMC12251466

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.