Exposure to subtle dominance cues activates the stress response and affects decision-making.

Introduction: Dominance cues may offend and elicit anger. Based on theories of affect-as-information, we tested whether subtle cues in words or images indicative of dominance could activate the stress response and impact decision-making. Methods: Participants asked to imagine being patients were exposed to subtle dominance cues of a doctor. By measuring the skin conductance levels and through self-reported assessments, we examined whether participants would be offended when exposed to dominance cues in text alone or when combined with facial images. Participants assessed the probability of a medication's side effects and chose to take the medication prescribed after reading a doctor's advice that was worded to sound either condescending or neutral. The doctor's statements were shown alone or matched with a photo of either a dominant-looking or a trustworthy-looking face. Results: Most found dominance cues presented in text, with or without a facial image, offensive. No differences were found in probability assessment but the choice to take the medication was affected when the condescendingly worded text was combined with a photo of a dominant face. Arousal levels increased while viewing the dominance cues, but the levels decreased when decisions were made following exposure to a condescendingly worded text and its matching facial expression of dominance. Discussion: The study contributes to understanding the impact of lower-intensity emotions sensed during social interactions on decision-making, which could be important for designing computer programs that mimic human social interactions.