Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40641025›Full record

ReviewCurrent topics in medicinal chemistry2026

Therapeutic Perspective of Prodrugs of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Antioxidants: An Approach to Reduce Toxicity and Enhance Efficacy.

Manoj Kumar Sahoo, Nidhi Agrawal, Sanjay Kumar Lanjhiyana, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Meenakshi Jaiswal

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Review in Current topics in medicinal chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Manoj Kumar SahooDepartment of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur - 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
Nidhi AgrawalDepartment of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur - 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
Sanjay Kumar LanjhiyanaDepartment of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur - 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
Sanjay Kumar BhartiDepartment of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur - 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.
Meenakshi JaiswalDepartment of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur - 495009, Chhattisgarh, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNon-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most widely prescribed medications in the world, yet their applications as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-pyretic drugs remain principally restricted by their detrimental effects on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) systems. The prodrug approaches have substantially combated the drawbacks of currently available marketed NSAIDs and also showed increased activity.

objectiveIn the present study, an extensive literature review on mutual prodrugs of NSAIDs with natural antioxidants has been presented.

methodsDifferent databases like ScienceDirect, Elsevier, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc. were used for an extensive search of articles related to NSAIDs, prodrug concepts, as well as research based on all of the NSAIDs-prodrug molecules prepared to date.

resultsRecent developments in prodrug design have been explored that utilize naturally occurring antioxidants, including Thymol, Guaiacol, Menthol, Eugenol, Sesamol, Vanillin, and Umbelliferon, for the synthesis of mutual prodrugs by esterification methods. Many studies have shown that these prodrugs have significant stability in acidic pH while hydrolyzing in neutral and alkaline pH environments. This indicates their potential as advantageous therapeutic agents with enhanced safety profiles.

conclusionThe mutual prodrug strategy offers a chance in medicinal chemistry to enhance the therapeutic and clinical efficiency of a drug that has certain unfavorable qualities that limit its clinical utility. This review enlightens mutual prodrugs of NSAIDs and antioxidants that are less harmful and beneficial to mankind, respectively.

Indexed as

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAntioxidantsProdrugsAnimalsHumansAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalAntioxidantsProdrugsAnti-inflammatory DrugsAntioxidantsAnti-ulcerEsterificationMutual ProdrugNon-SteroidalProdrugs

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.