Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40640224›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Association of reproductive characteristics with osteoporosis and FRAX scores in Chinese postmenopausal women: a QCT-based cross-sectional study.

Yang You, Rongkun Chang, Wenlong Qiu, Jie Cheng, Danyu Zhao, Yinbin Wang, Ruopeng Mai, Feng Chang, Lijun Cai

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yang YouPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Rongkun ChangPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Wenlong QiuDepartment of Nephrology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
Jie ChengPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Danyu ZhaoPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Yinbin WangPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Ruopeng MaiPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China.
Feng ChangThe Orthopedics Department of Shanxi Provincial People' s Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
Lijun CaiPeople's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301, Zhengyuan North Street, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan City, 750001, China. lijun-cai1801@163.com.

Funding

Ningxia Science and Technology Benefit People Project 2022CMG03043
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Reproductive characteristics, including age at menarche (AAM), age at natural menopause (ANM), and parity, may influence bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women through the duration of estrogen exposure and the regulation of calcium homeostasis. Current Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) exclude these parameters, potentially limiting their accuracy in identifying high-risk individuals. This study aimed to investigate the associations between reproductive characteristics and the risk of osteoporosis, as well as the fracture probabilities derived from FRAX. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 417 postmenopausal women (aged 45-80 years) stratified by quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-measured lumbar volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) into osteoporotic (n = 63, vBMD ≤ 80 mg/cm³) and non-osteoporotic (n = 354) groups. We collected demographic, reproductive, clinical, and radiological data, and calculated four categories of FRAX scores: 10-year probabilities of major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) and hip fracture (HF), with/without BMD integration. Binary logistic regression analyzed associations between reproductive characteristics and osteoporosis risk. Generalized linear models with Gamma distribution and log-link function evaluated independent associations between reproductive characteristics and FRAX scores. The osteoporotic group exhibited earlier ANM (48.0 ± 3.8 vs. 49.9 ± 4.2 years, p = 0.005) and higher parity (2.5 ± 1.4 vs. 1.7 ± 1.0, p < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed earlier ANM (OR = 0.831, 95% CI: 0.789-0.875) and increased parity (OR = 1.345, 95% CI: 1.075-1.683) as independent risk factors for osteoporosis (p < 0.05). Generalized linear models demonstrated that each 1-year delay in menopause decreased FRAX scores: BMD-integrated MOF and HF risks decreased by 2.1% and 4.0%, while non-BMD risks decreased by 2.7% and 4.4% (p < 0.001). Conversely, each additional parity increased FRAX scores: BMD-integrated MOF and HF risks increased by 5.9% and 12.8%, and non-BMD risks increased by 4.6% and 8.0% (p < 0.05). Age, ANM, and parity consistently affected all FRAX scores consistently (p < 0.05). Earlier ANM and higher parity are significantly associated with elevated osteoporosis risk and FRAX scores. Incorporating these reproductive variables into the FRAX algorithms may improve the accuracy of identifying high-risk individuals.

Indexed as

Osteoporosis, PostmenopausalOsteoporotic FracturesPostmenopauseAgedAged, 80 and overBone DensityChinaCross-Sectional StudiesEast Asian PeopleFemaleHip FracturesHumansMenarcheMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk AssessmentBone mineral densityFracture risk assessment toolOsteoporosisQuantitative computed tomographyReproductive characteristics

Identifiers

PMID40640224
PMCPMC12246490

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.