Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40638224›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of general virology2025

Changes in ORF4 of HCoV-229E under different culture conditions.

Yuki Kitai, Shohei Kojima, Aikeda Aishajiang, Miyuki Kawase, Oshi Watanabe, Haruka Yabukami, Rina Hashimoto, Yukiko Akahori, Hiroshi Katoh, Kazuo Takayama and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of general virology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Yuki KitaiDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Shohei KojimaLaboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
Aikeda AishajiangDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Miyuki KawaseDepartment of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan.
Oshi WatanabeVirus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
Haruka YabukamiLaboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
Rina HashimotoDepartment of Synthetic Human Body System, Medical Research Institute, Institute of Integrated Research, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Yukiko AkahoriDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Hiroshi KatohDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Kazuo TakayamaDepartment of Synthetic Human Body System, Medical Research Institute, Institute of Integrated Research, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Hidekazu NishimuraVirus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
Kazuya ShiratoDepartment of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan.
Makoto TakedaDepartment of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The genome of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a causative agent of human respiratory infections, encodes a unique accessory gene, ORF4. Analysis of laboratory strains and clinical specimens has suggested that HCoV-229E acquires truncating mutations in ORF4 under standard laboratory culture conditions. This study confirmed that HCoV-229E from patients with acute respiratory infections harboured a full-length ORF4 (219 amino acids). In contrast, virus stocks derived from the same patients and passaged in conventional cultured cells [LLC-MK2, human embryonic fibroblast (HEF); HEF, HeLa] exhibited truncated ORF4 of various lengths, such as 168, 143 and 16 amino acids. However, when these virus stocks were propagated in human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cells (HBTECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), the full-length ORF4 was selected and stably maintained throughout a prolonged observation period. These findings highlight the importance of ORF4 in patients and under physiologically relevant conditions, and the HBTEC-ALI culture system is valuable for analyzing the native properties of HCoV-229E with an intact full-length ORF4.

Indexed as

Coronavirus 229E, HumanOpen Reading FramesViral ProteinsVirus CultivationAnimalsCell LineCoronavirus InfectionsEpithelial CellsHeLa CellsHumansRespiratory Tract InfectionsViral Proteinsair–liquid interfaceHCoV-229EORF4

Identifiers

PMID40638224
PMCPMC12282251

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.