ArticlePediatric pulmonology2025
Long Term Developmental Consequences of Short Apneas and Periodic Breathing in Preterm Infants.
Article in Pediatric pulmonology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessing infants' sleep in the home setting: designing rational study approaches.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Cardiorespiratory phase synchronization maturational trajectory: biomarker of autonomic nervous system development in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Caffeine for Persistent Intermittent Hypoxia in Newborns With and Without Chronic Lung Disease.Pediatric pulmonology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePreterm infants frequently experience short apneas which can occur in isolation or in a repetitive pattern termed periodic breathing. We assessed the consequences of the amount of time spent with short apneas on developmental outcomes at 2 years of age.
methodsPreterm infants (N = 23) born between 28 and 32 weeks gestational age were studied during daytime sleep in the supine position at 32-36 weeks post menstrual age (PMA), 36-40 weeks PMA, 3 months and 6 months corrected age. The percentage of total sleep time (TST) spent with apneas at each study was calculated. Infants were divided into those below and above the median cumulative time spent with apneas over the 4 studies (28.4% TST) and developmental assessments (Bayley Scales of Infant Development III, Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire, Child Behavior Check List) at 2 years of age were compared with ANCOVA.
resultsThe above median group tended to have lower unadjusted scores for motor composite, social emotional composite and adaptive behavior composite on the Bayley's. After adjusting for confounders and %TST spent with apneas, the motor composite score was significantly lower in the above median group (p < 0.05). Perceptual Sensitivity was lower in the above median group (p < 0.05).
conclusionsIn clinically stable very preterm infants, who had been discharged home with no concerns of respiratory instability, those infants who spent more time with short apneas, particularly periodic breathing, had reduced motor outcomes at 2 years of age. Our findings add to a growing literature suggesting that short apneas and periodic breathing are not benign.
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