ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Global burden and trend of tuberculosis in children and adolescents (under 15 years old) from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2040.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- BCG vaccination and household TB exposure in childhood tuberculosis: a community-based case-control study in rural Bangladesh.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Divergent Trajectories of Pediatric All-Form Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis from 1990 to 2021.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Prevalence and predictors of tuberculosis among children in Zambezi District, North-Western Province, Zambia.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pediatric Tuberculosis: Unraveling Immunity, Clinical Complexities, and Resource-Driven Disparities in the Pursuit of Prevention.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990-2050: a systematic comparative analysis based on retrospective cross-sectional of GBD 2021 and WHO surveillance systems.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Applications and prospects of artificial intelligence in the auxiliary diagnosis of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health issue, but its burden among children and adolescents under 15 years old is not well quantified. This study evaluates TB trends in this age group from 1990 to 2021 and projects future trends through 2040. Methods: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 to assess the incidence and mortality of TB in children and adolescents (under 15) from 1990 to 2021. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was employed to project the TB burden. Results: In 2021, there were 799,047 new TB cases and 81,870 TB-related deaths among children, with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 40.01 per 100,000 population and an age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of 4.16 per 100,000 population. From 1990 to 2021, the ASIR declined by 2.4% annually, while ASMR decreased by 4.19% per year. However, drug-resistant TB, especially extensively drug-resistant TB, increased significantly. The burden was highest in low-SDI regions, particularly among children under 5, who accounted for over 75% of TB-related deaths. Projections to 2040 indicate continued declines in ASIR and ASMR for all TB forms, including drug-resistant and TB-HIV co-infections. Conclusion: Sustained investment in TB control programs, particularly in low-SDI regions, is crucial. Addressing drug-resistant TB and TB-HIV co-infection should be prioritized in global public health strategies.
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