ArticleJournal of adolescence2025
Agency and Opportunity in Early Adolescence: Investigating Gender-Specific Patterns in Developmental Trajectories Using Longitudinal Data.
Article in Journal of adolescence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionLittle research has explored the relationship of opportunity structures, such as parental influence and neighborhood context, with the development of individual agency amongst adolescents, particularly in understanding gender-specific relationships.
methodsWe use longitudinal data from 1188 boys and 1153 girls who were age 10-14 at enrollment and followed for up to 5 years during the Global Early Adolescent Study in Kinshasa, DRC (2017-2022). Group-based trajectory modeling identified gender-specific clusters within two domains of agency, Freedom of Movement and Voice. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the relationship between opportunity structures at the individual, household, parental, peer (Voice only), and neighborhood level with the probability of cluster membership.
resultsWe identified three distinct groups for both boys and girls within each domain. Wealth and education were inconsistently related to trajectories and peer influence showed little association with the development of Voice for either gender. Parental monitoring was associated with the development of both domains for boys, but showed no association for girls. Conversely, parental closeness was more strongly associated with development for girls, than for boys. Neighborhood safety was associated with greater Voice and Freedom of Movement for both boys and girls. Neighborhood trust was associated with Freedom of Movement but not Voice for boys, but the opposite for girls.
conclusionsThe design of interventions to promote adolescent empowerment should consider the gendered ways in which parental and neighborhood structures influence the development of agency for adolescents and consider whether gender-specific components may be needed.
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