ArticleEvoDevo2025
The expression of Pax6 and retinal determination genes in the eyeless arachnid A. longisetosus reveals vestigial eye primordia.
Article in EvoDevo, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pax6 homologs are required for patterning both visual systems of the daddy-longlegs Phalangium opilio.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- DuplicatedBiology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence suggests that Pax6 genes are necessary for the specification of eyes in a variety of metazoans, including mandibulate arthropods. In these arthropods, Pax6 genes usually interact with a conserved set of genes, collectively called the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), to specify eye cells. However, recent data have argued that Pax6 genes lack a role in the development of the eyes in Chelicerata (= arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders). A genome sequence of the eyeless mite Archegozetes longisetosus revealed that it retains two Pax6 paralogs, as well as singleton orthologs of all RDGN genes. We hypothesized that the retention of these two Pax6 paralogs could be due to their non-eye determining roles, and/or their expression in vestigial eye primordia. We therefore used hybridization chain reactions (HCRs) to follow the embryonic expression of these genes.
resultsTo provide a basis for understanding RDGN expression patterns, we developed a staging system for A. longisetosus head development. This showed the presence of structures that in other arachnids form neural components of all eye types. We then showed that two genes in the RDGN of eyed arachnids, i.e., sine oculis and atonal, are expressed in a manner that are suggestive of vestigial eye primordia. We also found that the expression of the Pax6 paralogs was consistent with their roles in the development of the central nervous system. By co-staining for these genes with the conserved head-patterning gene orthodenticle, we observed early expression patterns of these genes in the brains of early A. longisetosus embryos that are comparable to those arachnids with embryonic eyes.
conclusionsOur data provide support for the hypothesis that the retention of Pax6 genes in A. longisetosus is due to their non-eye patterning roles. Furthermore, our survey of RDGN gene expression also provides support that A. longisetosus patterns vestigial eye primordia. Lastly, our data suggest that the Pax6 genes, with orthodenticle, acts to specify the ancestral arachnid brain. We then discuss our results considering eye loss in other arachnids.
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