ArticleScientific reports2025
Anatomical evaluation of the major apical foramen of extracted maxillary and mandibular human teeth in an Iraqi subpopulation: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the root canal system is essential for successful endodontic treatment. The position of the apical foramen, which frequently deviates from the anatomical apex, impacts treatment precision. While advances like electronic apex locators have enhanced accuracy, discrepancies with radiographic readings still arise due to foramen position variations. Factors such as age, race, and ethnicity contribute to these differences. This study examines the distance and direction of deviation between the major apical foramen and the anatomical apex in an Iraqi subpopulation. It aims to highlight local anatomical variations, aiding better treatment outcomes. A total of 238 extracted permanent human teeth were examined. The teeth were sectioned transversely at the cemento-enamel junction, mounted on a calibrated microscopic slide, and analyzed to identify the location of the major apical foramen. The major foramen was defined as the largest-diameter opening at the root apex. The assessment was conducted using a dental operating microscope. The distance between the major apical foramen and the anatomical apex was calculated using Image J software. The mean distance between the major apical foramen and the anatomical apex across all teeth was 0.52 mm. This distance was consistent in both anterior and posterior teeth, with notable variations observed among different tooth types. The mandibular canine exhibited the greatest deviation, with a mean distance of 0.77 mm, followed by mandibular molars, which showed a mean distance of 0.6 mm. The most common direction of deviation was distal, with a frequency of 25.65% across all tooth types. The study's findings indicated that in 85% of all tooth types, the major foramen deviated from the anatomical and/or radiographic apex. The distal deviation was the most frequent, with an average distance of 0.52 mm. These results underscore the importance of understanding apical anatomy for accurate endodontic treatment and highlight notable anatomical variations in this subpopulation.
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