ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2025
Having naloxone when you need it: Factors associated with owning and carrying naloxone among people who use opioids.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Syringe service program utilization, behavioral, and experiential factors associated with greater naloxone protection in a longitudinal cohort of people who use illicit opioids in New York city.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Syringe Service Program Utilization, Behavioral, and Experiential Factors Associated with Greater Naloxone Protection in a Longitudinal Cohort of People Who Use Illicit Opioids in New York City.Research square · 2025Article
- Gender-based differences in harm reduction practices among people who use drugs in Rhode island: a latent class analysis.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
It is critical to have naloxone readily available in the event of an opioid overdose. This study examines the prevalence of owning and carrying naloxone and factors associated with ownership and carriage among people who use opioids in Baltimore, Maryland, from December 2022 to January 2025. Among the 780 community-recruited study participants who were aged 18 years or older and currently used non-prescription opioids, most (78.2 %) reported owning naloxone, with the majority (69.4 %) keeping it at their residence. While 41.8 % of participants reported always having naloxone available when using drugs, 13.5 % never did. Only 27.0 % were carrying it with them at the time of the interview. Frequent heroin/fentanyl use (aOR: 2.07; 95 % CI: 1.36-3.16) and reporting lower difficulty accessing naloxone (aOR: 2.37; 95 % CI: 1.85-3.05) significantly increased the likelihood of owning naloxone. Experiencing homelessness in the past six months (aOR: 2.09; 95 % CI: 1.40-3.12) and perceiving poor neighborhood treatment due to drug use (aOR: 1.27, 95 % CI: 0.1.08-1.49) increased odds of currently carrying naloxone. Although naloxone distribution programs have successfully improved access, substantial gaps remain in consistent naloxone carriage, necessitating targeted interventions addressing barriers to carriage, including drug use stigma.
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Registered trials
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