ReviewBasic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology2025
A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Protonitazene: Pharmacological Characteristics, Detection Techniques, and Toxicology.
Review in Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Micro-QuEChERS Extraction for Broad-Spectrum LC-QQQ-MS Quantification of Nitazene Analogs in Plasma: A Validated Method With Casework Application.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Novel 2-Benzylbenzimidazole Opioids: Emerging Drugs of Abuse and Pharmacological Considerations with Nitazene Analogs.Current pain and headache reports · 2026Review
- In Vitro Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Evaluation of Nitazenes, a Potent Class of New Synthetic Opioids.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Nitazenes: The Emergence of a Potent Synthetic Opioid Threat.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Protonitazene: Pharmacological Characteristics, Detection Techniques, and Toxicology.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protonitazene (PNZ) is a synthetic opioid emerging in Europe, Australia, North America and South America with a rapidly increasing number of intoxications. To describe PNZ's pharmacological characteristics, detection methods and the clinical presentation and management of PNZ intoxications, the PubMed database was searched for original articles in English concerning PNZ in any way. All articles were read and analysed completely for their suitability for inclusion, based on the article type, integrity and its description of PNZ pharmacology, toxicology and PNZ intoxications. Of the 21 articles resulting from the search, 16 articles were included. PNZ is a μ-opioid receptor agonist that induces opioid-like effects at subnanomolar concentrations at a much higher potency than morphine and fentanyl. 4'-Hydroxy-nitazene is a shared metabolite of most nitazenes and can be detected in urine for longer than most nitazenes, providing a way to detect nitazenes without knowing the parent nitazene. PNZ is detectable in whole blood, urine, bile, gastric contents and hair using several forms of mass spectrometry at subnanomolar concentrations but is not detectable in urine using traditional opioid test strips. More reports about monointoxications of PNZ and an appropriate public health response are necessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.