ISGylation and E3 ubiquitin ligases: an Atlantic salmon genetic perspective.

Introduction: In mammals, the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway plays a key role in the host antiviral response by targeting viral genes for degradation. Here, E1-activating enzymes, E2-conjugating enzymes, and E3 ligases attach the ubiquitin chain to molecules to be functionally modified or destined for degradation. One specialized version of this pathway is performed by ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein modifier that works through a process called ISGylation. In mammals, ISGylation involves specialized E1-E3 molecules and specialized mammalian ISG15 "deubiquitinases" also exist. Targeting host and viral proteins, ISG15 can inhibit the release of viral particles or hinder viral replication, thereby exerting strong antiviral effects. In Atlantic salmon, endothelial cells from the heart is a main target for infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). Results: Here, we established a new cell line from Atlantic salmon heart tissue denoted ASH2-2, which has endothelial-like characteristics and is permissive for infection with ISAV and other salmonid viruses. We used this cell line as a model to compare the effect of recombinant interferon gamma (rIFNg) and ISAV on genes potentially involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. ASH2-2 cells have a response profile matching endothelial cells and respond quickly to ISAV infection with upregulation of viral sensors such as DHX58, MDA5, and MX transcripts. Two Conclusion: In conclusion, we expand the list of teleost genes potentially involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cells from a main target organ. Our results highlight the need for functional studies to clarify the roles of these candidates.