Revolutionizing Curcumin Extraction: New Insights From Non-Conventional Methods-A Comparative Analysis of the Last Decade.

Curcumin (CCM), derived from Curcuma longa L. rhizomes, holds significant pharmaceutical and biotechnological potential, driving extensive scientific research. Beyond its potent biological properties, the extraction of CCM has attracted considerable attention. Although numerous review articles have explored CCM extraction, a gap remains in the identification and comparison of methods aimed at improving these processes. This review seeks to address this gap by discussing efficient extraction methods that align with the principles of sustainability. It is essential to recognize that the effectiveness of both conventional and non-conventional extraction methods depends not only on the techniques themselves but also on the optimal combination of these methods with suitable solvents. Conventional solid-liquid extraction methods often rely on volatile organic compounds which, despite their widespread industrial use, present several limitations, including low-to-moderate extraction yields, prolonged extraction times, the risk of thermal degradation or chemical alteration of the target molecule, and significant environmental impact. In contrast, non-conventional, eco-friendly methods, such as ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, have garnered increasing attention. When combined with sustainable, neoteric solvents, these methods offer enhanced efficiency, selectivity, and environmental advantages. Future research should focus on optimizing and integrating these innovative extraction methods with green solvents to improve CCM yield, reduce environmental impact, and enhance scalability, ensuring alignment with sustainable practices in bioindustries.