ArticleBMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation2025
The impact of video-based training on football referees' decision-making skills: a systematic review and meta analysis.
Article in BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Visual search behavior and decision-making in expert and less-experienced football referees across different foul situations: an eye-tracking study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesVideo-based decision-making training is considered a promising intervention to enhance the decision-making skills of football referees. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to validate the effectiveness of video-based training and evaluate its overall impact on improving referees' decision-making skills, providing a scientific basis for the optimization and innovation of referee training methods.
methodA systematic search was performed across four electronic databases (EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined using the PICOS framework. Relevant literature was independently screened, and key information was extracted. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) was employed to assess the risk of bias in the included studies, and statistical analyses were conducted using CMA 3.0 software.
resultSix randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving a total of 163 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed that video-based training significantly improved referees' decision-making skills (Hedges' s g = 1.718, 95% CI [1.058, 2.377], P < 0.001, τ
conclusionThis meta-analysis demonstrates that video-based decision-making training is an effective and practical intervention for significantly enhancing the decision-making skills of football referees. Its convenience and cost-effectiveness make it an essential supplementary training tool for referees. However, the findings are limited by factors such as the small sample size of included studies, incomplete descriptions of participant characteristics, and insufficient gender representation. Future high-quality research is needed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of video-based training across referees of different levels and genders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.