ArticleBMC zoology2025
Leptospira interrogans in the Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki).
Article in BMC zoology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- A systematic review ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLeptospira are endemic and cause disease among California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), but the epidemiology of Leptospira in Galapagos sea lions (Z. wollebaeki) is almost completely unknown. Understanding the presence and circulation of this zoonotic pathogen is essential not only for the conservation of Galapagos sea lions, but also for assessing potential health risks to humans and other animals within the Galapagos archipelago. This study fills knowledge gaps by investigating Leptospira in this endemic host species to provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the pathogen in an isolated island ecosystem that is completely different from others in which Leptospira have been documented.
resultsIn 2016, serological analyses detected 24 positive samples in the "El Malecón" rookery (n = 43) and 18 positive samples in the "Punta Pitt" rookery (n = 33), confirming exposure to pathogenic Leptospira species. In 2017, we identified 15 (n = 29) and 13 (n = 30) positive samples, respectively. Molecular analyses further detected leptospiral DNA in 70.8% (n = 24) of sand with urine samples and 45.8% (n = 24) of kidney samples. Amplicon sequencing of the secY gene fragment yielded 10 consensus sequences, confirming the circulation of Leptospira interrogans among Galapagos sea lions.
conclusionsOur findings confirm that Galapagos sea lions are exposed to pathogenic Leptospira species and, for the first time, identify L. interrogans as the circulating species over two consecutive years. By expanding sampling across multiple rookeries, we provide a clearer picture of pathogen exposure in this endemic population. These results improve our understanding of Leptospira dynamics in marine mammals on remote islands, where management efforts aim to reduce disease risks from human activity, livestock, and synanthropic species.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.