ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces2025
Biomimetic Apatite Nanoparticles and Microcrystalline Tyrosine as Biocompatible Vaccine Adjuvants: Performance in a Bluetongue Virus Sheep Model.
Article in ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- From human allergen immunotherapy to veterinary prophylactic vaccines: translational potential of Microcrystalline tyrosine as a vaccine adjuvant.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Advancements in nanomaterial-based adjuvants for animal vaccines.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Macrophage-MediatedACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) is the most widely used vaccine adjuvant, but its known adverse effects prompt the finding of other, safer alternative adjuvants. This study compares in sheep the global performance and safety of vaccine prototypes against bluetongue virus (BTV) formulated with AlOOH, biomimetic apatite nanoparticles (ApNPs), and microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT). Five groups of 6 sheep were included in the study: control, BTV serotype 4 alone, and BTV-4 combined either with AlOOH, ApNPs, or MCT. Adjuvants were fully characterized. Group specific antibodies against BTV-4 were observed in all treatment groups, including BTV-4 alone. After booster inoculation, ApNPs or MCT groups responded immediately, and it was delayed for BTV-4 and AlOOH groups. Comparable neutralizing antibody responses were observed in all treatment groups but were earlier for BTV-4, ApNPs, and MCT groups when compared with the AlOOH group. No significant systemic alterations were observed during the study. The AlOOH group developed more pronounced local reactions that persisted throughout the 133-day study and were evident as post-mortem granulomas. ApNPs and MCT are biocompatible, safer, and viable alternative adjuvants for sheep vaccines. BTV alone might also be suitable for this purpose. This work is the first demonstrating the suitability of biocompatible alternative adjuvants in sheep vaccines.
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