ArticleFrontiers in oncology2025
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Computationally guided multi-epitope vaccine design targeting oncoprotein BZLF1, EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2 for of EBV associated gastric cancer.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Review
- Immunoinformatic-guided design of a polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-targeted multi-epitope vaccine with preliminaryFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- A multi-epitope pan-betacoronavirus vaccine construct predicted to induce broad-spectrum and durable immune responses: an immunoinformatics approach.Frontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Integrating biocomputational techniques for vaccine development for glioblastoma multiforme: a possible way of enhancing precision.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aims and objectives: This study aimed to identify immunodominant epitopes from a panel of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-associated proteins-MZF-1, Mucin-1, SOX-9, Keratin 5, Keratin 14, Twist1, and Progranulin (GP88)-to design multi-epitope peptide vaccines capable of eliciting robust anti-tumour immune responses. Methods: A comprehensive immunoinformatics pipeline was employed. Amino acid sequences were retrieved from UniProt and analysed to predict CTL, HTL, B-cell, and IFN-γ-inducing epitopes. Top candidates were filtered based on antigenicity, allergenicity, glycosylation, and HLA coverage. Molecular docking was conducted with HLA alleles to assess binding affinity. Five multi-epitope vaccine constructs were designed using different adjuvants (GM-CSF, β-defensin, IL-2, cholera enterotoxin, and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12), and enhanced with PADRE and HEYGAEALERA sequences. Structural modelling, refinement, disulfide engineering, and validation (via Robetta, GalaxyRefine, ProSA, and Ramachandran plots) were performed, followed by docking with TLR2 and TLR4. Immune simulation assessed cytokine responses and memory generation. Results: Thirteen CD8+ CTL, thirteen CD4+ HTL, and seven B-cell epitopes were selected based on favourable immunogenic properties and high HLA promiscuity. Constructs V1 (GM-CSF-linked) and V5 (β-defensin-linked) exhibited superior TLR2/4 docking affinity. Immune simulation showed V2 and V5 induced strong cytokine release and memory cell responses. Conclusion: This study successfully identified potent immunogenic epitopes from TNBC-associated proteins and constructed promising multi-epitope vaccines. Constructs V1 and V5 demonstrated superior immunogenicity and TLR binding, while V2 and V5 induced strong immune responses
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