ArticleIndian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB2025
Thymol Enhances 5-Fluorouracil Cytotoxicity by Reducing Migration and Increasing Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Esophageal Cancer Cells: An In-vitro Study.
Article in Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Plant-Derived Compound to Bioactive Agent in Dentistry: The Expanding Role of Thymol.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Precision Nanotechnology: Revolutionizing Therapeutic Strategies Against Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Exploring Thymol's Cytocompatibility and Potential Selective Cytotoxicity in Human Primary Gingival Fibroblasts and Pharyngeal Carcinoma Cells: An In Vitro and In Ovo Investigation.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Thymol and Carvacrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Synergy With Conventional Therapies in Cancer Management.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
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Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common cancer globally and has a low survival rate because it is often diagnosed at a late-stage, and is frequently chemotherapy resistant. Thymol is found in the herb thyme and has been reported to have potential anticancer properties. We aimed to explore the effects of thymol on the efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment in an in vitro model of EC. We evaluated the synergistic effects of thymol with 5-FU using cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, scratch wound healing assay, gelatin zymography, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation aproaches. The results indicated that thymol significantly decreased the viability of KYSE-30 cells in a time and dose-dependently. However, thymol had a minimal cytotoxic effect against normal fibroblasts. In addition, thymol significantly increased the chemosensitivity of EC KYSE-30 cells to 5-FU by promoting early and late apoptosis, inducing Sub-G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest, and increasing ROS generation. Combination therapy of thymol with 5-FU also resulted in an increased expression of p53 and Bax, decreased expression of Bcl2, reduced activity of MMP-2, and reduced cell migration compared to single therapies. These findings suggest that thymol has the potential to promote the anticancer potency of 5-FU chemotherapy and inhibit metastasis. However, further studies using animal models are necessary to validate these results.
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