ArticleArchives of craniofacial surgery2025
Reconstruction of large facial defects using three or more local flaps.
Article in Archives of craniofacial surgery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Secondary Intention Healing for Facial Skin and Soft Tissue Defects: Case Report and Review of Literature.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Pooled it
- Collision of actinic keratosis and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans within a single lesion as a diagnostic pitfall: a case report.Archives of craniofacial surgery · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFree flaps, skin grafts, and local flaps are viable options for reconstructing large facial defects. When skin grafts, free flaps, or a single local flap are either not feasible or unlikely to yield satisfactory results, reconstruction can be performed using three or more local flaps. To evaluate the effectiveness of this surgical technique, this study analyzed the outcomes of reconstructions that utilized three or more local flaps.
methodsThis study included 10 patients who underwent facial reconstruction with three or more flaps following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) for skin cancer from 2016 to 2021. We investigated the types of flaps used, complications, and the recurrence rates of skin cancer. Patient satisfaction regarding color, contour, and scar was assessed through a questionnaire.
resultsOf the 10 patients, nine underwent reconstruction with three flaps, while one patient required four flaps. There were no major complications such as flap loss. Partial necrosis occurred in one patient but was successfully managed with conservative treatment. There were no recurrences of the skin cancer that caused the initial defect, and overall patient satisfaction was high. Patients expressed high satisfaction with color, but lower satisfaction with contour and scar.
conclusionFor large facial defects where free flaps or skin grafts would yield aesthetically or functionally inferior results, and reconstruction with a single flap is challenging, the application of three or more flaps has achieved good surgical outcomes. Utilizing three or more flaps can be considered a clinically useful method for reconstructing large facial defects.
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