ArticleParasites & vectors2025
A waveform library for the study of probing and ingestion behaviors of Culicoides sonorensis using AC-DC electropenetrography.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Protocol for synchronizing waveforms and videos from electropenetrography studies of arthropods.STAR protocols · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCulicoides sonorensis biting midges transmit arboviruses that negatively affect animal welfare and production in ruminant livestock operations. However, little is known about the probing and ingestion (i.e., biting) behaviors that occur inside host tissues, even though these behaviors may directly affect pathogen acquisition and transmission. Electropenetrography (EPG) allows for indirect visualization and quantification of these behaviors by measuring the changes in electrical signals that arise during probing.
methodsUsing an alternating current-direct current (AC-DC) electropenetrograph, a waveform library for C. sonorensis biting behaviors was constructed from recordings of 70 adult females fed to repletion on human hands. The waveforms were characterized using each combination of four Ri levels (10
resultsWaveforms generated by C. sonorensis included waveform families J/K (stylet penetration through the skin); L (types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; preparation of an ingestion site); M (types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; ingestion); N (types 1 and 2; an unknown behavior that may be a resting phase); and W (withdrawal). The waveforms generally occurred in that order, sometimes with multiple transitions between L, M, and N. Significant differences in the number of waveform events by insect for J, K, and L were observed between some DC treatment groups. The optimal setting for EPG recordings of C. sonorensis probing on human hands was an Ri level of 10
conclusionsEPG uniquely enhances our understanding of C. sonorensis probing and ingestion behaviors, which will facilitate further exploration and guide the development of EPG procedures for other biting midges and telmophagous insects.
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