ArticleBMC public health2025
Global, regional, and national burden of diseases associated with male reproduction from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Thymoquinone attenuates tricyclazole-induced testicular dysfunction through endocrine, redox, histomorphometric and sperm function changes in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Exploratory Review on Male Fertility Potential of Acetyl-Eugenol: Mechanistic Insights, Experimental Evidence, and Therapeutic Prospects.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUrogenital congenital anomalies (UCA), Klinefelter syndrome (KS), and male infertility are three diseases inextricably related to male reproduction. It is of paramount importance to conduct a comprehensive and precise analysis of the burden of these three diseases and to predict their future trends.
methodsWe extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database for UCA, KS, and male infertility from 1990 to 2021. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and prevalence were used to analyze the global, regional, and national burden of these three diseases. The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) was used to assess the age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rates (ASDR). Finally, the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was applied to predict the future trends of disease burden.
resultsOver the past 32 years, the ASPR and ASDR of KS and male infertility have shown an increasing trend, which is projected to continue through 2050. Meanwhile, the ASPR of UCA has increased, whereas its ASDR has decreased from 1990 to 2021. In 2021, the fastest increase in the ASPR of male infertility was observed in Low-middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions, with an EAPC of 1.0 (95% CI 0.6, 1.4). For KS, the highest EAPC of ASPR was in High SDI regions, at 0.1 (95% CI 0.1, 0.2). The most rapid rise in the ASPR of UCA was seen in Middle SDI regions, with an EAPC of 0.2 (95% CI 0.1, 0.2).
conclusionsUCA, KS, and male infertility have imposed a substantial burden on male reproduction. This situation compels the global community to collaborate in a concerted effort to address these challenges through targeted policies, the development of more streamlined and accurate diagnostic methods, and heightened public awareness.
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