ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2025
Balancing scores and causal diagrams.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Critical Appraisal of Causality Observational Studies: A Case-Study of the Effect of Tattoo on Malignant Lymphoma.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Making DAGs even more useful: using augmented causal diagrams to depict counterfactual, study design, measurement, analytical, and interventional features.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Comparing Regression Adjustment, Matching, and Inverse Probability Weights in Small Sub-Populations in the HIV SUCCESS Consortium: A Real-World Data Example.Substance use : research and treatmentArticle
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe propensity score (PS) is the probability of exposure given the confounders and the disease risk score (DRS) is the probability of disease given confounders and the exposure, setting the exposure to a fixed value. PS and DRS are balancing scores and frequently used for confounding adjustment, especially in the presence of high-dimensional confounding.
methodsHere, we use causal diagrams to present the role of PS and DRS in confounding adjustment.
resultsWe graphically show the balancing properties of theoretical PS and DRS: conditional on PS, the exposure is independent of the confounders, and conditional on DRS, the potential outcome under no exposure is independent of the confounders. Moreover, we illustrate how PS and DRS can be used in the analysis for confounding adjustment.
conclusionCausal diagrams can help researchers to better understand confounding adjustment by using PS and DRS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.