Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40622500›Full record

ArticleApplied psychophysiology and biofeedback2026

Measuring Pilot Mental Workload During Flights Without PAPI Lights Using a Wearable Device.

Chuang Liu, Chenyang Zhang, Wenbing Zhu, Shuaitao Jiao, Yu Zhang, Rongbing Xu, Yaowei Liang

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Chuang LiuXinjin Flight College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Chenyang ZhangSchool of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. 18523507789@163.com.
Wenbing ZhuSchool of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Shuaitao JiaoXinjin Flight College, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
Yu ZhangFlight Department, West Air Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China.
Rongbing XuDepartment of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Yaowei LiangDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Funding

China Scholarship Council 202307000068Special Fund of Key Laboratory of Flight Techniques and Flight Safety, CAAC FZ2022ZX07
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Measuring pilot mental workload during flights without Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights is crucial for enhancing flight safety. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the absence of PAPI lights on pilot mental workload during approach and landing. Sixteen cadet pilots with real flight experience participated in simulated flight scenarios with and without PAPI lights, using a Polar Verity Sense to monitor cardiac activity. The statistical analysis results indicated that the absence of PAPI lights significantly increased pilot mental workload. Instructor ratings confirmed that the absence of PAPI lights adversely affected the accuracy of the descent trajectory, leading to greater deviations. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis revealed that specific features-SDNN, CVNNI, STD_HR, MIN_HR, and SD2-were particularly sensitive to changes in pilot mental workload. Increased mental workload was associated with a significant increase in MIN_HR and a significant decrease in the other four HRV features. Correlation analysis further identified TOTAL_POWER and RATIO_SD2_SD1 as effective indicators of pilot mental workload. These findings underscore the impact of visual guidance cues on pilot mental workload and demonstrate the value of HRV-based monitoring for assessing pilot mental workload in challenging flight scenarios.

Indexed as

Heart RatePilotsPsychomotor PerformanceWearable Electronic DevicesWorkloadAdultFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultFlight safetyHeart rate variabilityPAPI lightsPilot mental workloadWearable device

Identifiers

PMID40622500

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.