ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
Multivalent Co-assembly of LL37-CpG nanoparticles: Enhanced immune response through activating multiple cell internalization pathways.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Advancing PROTAC therapeutics through chemistry-guided design of smart delivery systems.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- TLR9-engineered photoresponsive biomimetic nanodecoys for targeted NETs clearance to mitigate periodontitis-associated bone resorption.International journal of oral science · 2026Article
- Intelligent CpG nanoplatforms for targeted cancer immunotherapy and immune remodeling.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the human antimicrobial peptide LL37 plays a critical role in immune regulation under both normal physiological conditions and during disease progression, as evidenced by its elevated levels observed in various chronic inflammatory diseases. A deeper understanding of its mechanism is essential for elucidating associated physiological and pathological processes, as well as for designing effective immune adjuvants and clinical therapeutics. In this study, we report that LL37 facilitates the assembly of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODNs), a clinically relevant immune adjuvant, into non-crystalline nanoparticles (NPs) with controlled size and zeta potential in a charge ratio-dependent manner. These assembled NPs enter cells via receptor-mediated macropinocytosis, coupled with LL37-mediated membrane penetration, thereby significantly enhancing cellular uptake of CpG compared to CpG alone, which enters cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Consequently, the enhanced internalization of LL37-CpG NPs markedly boosts TNF-α production (>3.5-fold) in macrophages through interactions with lysosomal TLR9. This immunostimulatory mechanism offers an alternative perspective on how LL37 modulates nucleic acid assembly and activates immune cells, providing guidance for the application of peptide-CpG ODN complexes in vaccine adjuvants and immune modulation for disease treatment.
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Registered trials
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