Electrolyte Development for Enhancing Sub-Zero Temperature Performance of Secondary Batteries.

Rechargeable batteries serve as a vital energy storage solution in modern society, powering virtually all portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, sub-zero temperature operation, particularly below -20 °C, poses significant challenges for rechargeable batteries, greatly limiting their utility in extreme environments. The sluggish ion diffusion and charge transfer kinetics are the primary factors contributing to the suboptimal performance of rechargeable batteries at low temperatures, both intricately linked to the electrolyte's role in governing ion transport at bulk and interfacial levels. This review provides insights into the ion conduction mechanisms across different classes of electrolytes, explores potential failure mechanisms from the electrolyte perspective, and examines relevant works on low-temperature battery applications with a specific focus on various electrolyte classes. Additionally, this work aims to comprehensively cover the recent development of solid-state batteries and discusses advancements in characterization techniques that can expedite battery development for subzero temperature operation. The review concludes by summarizing some advancements and outlining potential directions for future research in the field of low-temperature rechargeable batteries.