Trial reportPsychological medicine2025
Virtual-reality cognitive behavior therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for paranoid ideation: A pragmatic, single-blind, multicenter randomized clinical superiority trial.
Trial report in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Biosensor-Integrated Virtual Reality for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Psychosis: A Systematic Review of a New Therapeutic Frontier.Biosensors · 2026Pooled it
- Treatment effect modifiers of virtual reality-based versus standard cognitive behavioral therapy for paranoia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an exploratory moderator analysis of clinical and demographic characteristics in the FaceYourFears trial.Psychological medicine · 2026Trial
- Tracking Symptom Change Across Therapy Sessions in Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Paranoid Ideation: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Trial
- Computerised adaptive testing across the paranoia continuum.BMJ mental health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVirtual reality (VR) may improve psychological treatments for psychotic disorders. We investigated the effects of VR-based cognitive behavior therapy for paranoid ideation (VR-CBTp) compared to standard CBTp.
methodsWe conducted a pragmatic, single-blind, randomized clinical trial in seven mental health centers across the Netherlands and Belgium. A total of 98 participants with a psychotic spectrum disorder and paranoid ideation were randomized to a maximum of 16 sessions of VR-CBTp (
resultsBoth groups showed reductions in momentary paranoia between baseline and posttreatment (
conclusionsBoth CBTp and VR-CBTp are efficacious treatments for paranoid ideation, but VR-CBTp may be somewhat more effective. Limitations concern missing primary outcome data and a lower sample size than anticipated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.