ArticleJournal of periodontal & implant science2025
The influence of the menstrual cycle on inflammatory markers: the cytokines Il-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the gingival crevicular fluid.
Article in Journal of periodontal & implant science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Probiotic-Containing Nanofiber-Based Dental Floss Suppresses Subgingival Red Complex Periopathogens: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Trial.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Trial
- Assessing the Oral Microbiome in Women of Reproductive Age: A Narrative Review.Clinics and practice · 2025Review
- Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling of a Highly VirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeHormonal fluctuations, primarily in progesterone and estrogen during the menstrual cycle, may influence periodontal tissues, with inflammatory cytokines playing a crucial role. Therefore, our primary objective was to assess clinical periodontal parameters and measure levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) throughout the menstrual cycle.
methodsThis longitudinal prospective study was conducted from February to April 2022 and included 50 participants. We assessed clinical periodontal parameters-plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and tooth mobility-at three stages of the menstrual cycle: menstruation day, ovulation day, and premenstrual day. Additionally, GCF samples were collected using paper points. These samples were then stored and analyzed for levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
resultsThere were 25 participants in our study. The GI, PD, and CAL increased significantly during the menstrual cycle and were significantly higher during the premenstrual phase than in the ovulation phase (
conclusionsAll clinical periodontal parameters, except for the PI, showed a slight increase from the follicular phase to the luteal phase, with significant differences observed between each phase. The levels of GCF IL-1β (
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