ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Monitoring of Schmallenberg virus, bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in biting midges in Germany 2019-2023.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Two incursions, two viruses: emergence of a second novel Shamonda virus clade, Germany, 2026.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Lack of evidence for arthropod or vertical transmission of Hepacivirus bovis in a persistently infected dairy herd.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Winter activity and virus infection of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in German livestock housing before and during the 2024 BTV-3 outbreak.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus infections in domestic small ruminants in Türkiye.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
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Abstract
backgroundSchmallenberg virus (SBV) was first detected in Germany in 2011 and today has an enzootic status in Central Europe. It is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, which have a high abundance in livestock farms. In addition to SBV, Culicoides are considered vectors of other viruses relevant to livestock such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Monitoring of midges and transmitted viruses is of veterinary importance because the resulting diseases may cause animal suffering and entail economic losses due to control measures such as vaccination or trade restrictions.
methodsTo gain an overview of the prevalence of viruses in Culicoides vectors in Germany, a monitoring programme was established in 2018. From 2019 to 2023, biting midges were caught at 79 sites throughout the country, of which 511,788 were morphologically differentiated according to Culicoides species or subgenus and pooled accordingly. The nucleic acids extracted from 19,521 midge pools of up to 50 individuals were tested in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) for the genomes of SBV, EHDV and BTV. The species in virus-positive pools were analysed with molecular biological methods to identify potential vector species.
resultsWhereas no EHDV and BTV were detected, SBV was found in every year of the five monitored years. The minimum infection rate (MIR) of SBV in the tested pools ranged from 3.75 in 2022 to 135.47 in 2023. Most SBV RNA-positive pools were represented by the subgenus Avaritia (C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, C. dewulfi and C. chiopterus). To a lesser extent, SBV RNA was detected in pools of the subgenus Culicoides (C. punctatus, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris and C. selandicus). Only one pool of another subgenus, namely C. griseidorsum, was found positive for SBV genome.
conclusionsThe results from the monitoring programme confirm an enzootic circulation of SBV in the German Culicoides population during summer and autumn with varying infection rates between the years. The lack of detection of BTV in the midges may suggest a circulation of BTV at a low level. The absence of EHDV genome in biting midges is in line with the epidemiological situation in ruminants in Germany.
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