ReviewCommunications biology2025
TLR2 and TLR4 bridge physiological and pathological inflammation in the reproductive system.
Review in Communications biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Diagnostic biomarkers for non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head : a systematic review and pathophysiological cascade network.Bone & joint research · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluation of toll-like receptor inhibition by novel thymoquinone analogues as potential remedy for diabetic nephropathy.Molecular diversity · 2026Article
- Bacterial lipid structural diversity mediates commensalism and pathogenesis.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Brain targeting and trafficking of extracellular vesicles in central nervous system diseases: a therapeutic roadmap.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- [Fecal microbiota transplantation inhibits colonic tumor growth in mice by suppressing the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles derived from Enterococcus faecalis: inflammatory activation does not require internalization.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and their role in male reproductive health.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- Early Immune Signature Features, Including TLR2 and TLR4 Expression, Are Associated with Complete Remission After CD19 CAR-T Cell Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Integrated Transcriptomics and Machine Learning Reveal Lipid Metabolism Related Genes in Ischemic Stroke.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- SARM1 is required for macrophage immunophenotype switching that is essential for nerve repair.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genetically predicted inflammatory cytokines mediate the associations between the gut microbiota and ovarian cancer: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- Prostatitis-Related Male Infertility: From Inflammation and Dysbiosis to Sperm DNA Damage.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Investigating the role of the bacterial metabolite ectoine on immune regulation within the bovine female reproductive tract.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Unveiling the role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection: molecular mechanisms, viral persistence, and therapeutic opportunities.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Innate immune system for a crosstalk of sperm-egg-uterine epithelium towards fertility: Toll-like receptor 2 as a physiological sensor.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Decoding the immunological triad of TLRs, B1 cells, and feto-maternal microchimerism in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The seminal plasma sTLR4/IL-1β ratio as an independent factor associated with sperm chromatin condensation defects.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Inflammatory landscape ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Beyond receptor activation: biased toll-like receptor signaling in periodontal inflammation and regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors: versatile players in tumor.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR2 and TLR4, are critical components of the innate immune system that play significant roles in reproductive biology beyond their well-established functions in immune defense. These receptors recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), triggering signaling cascades that impact diverse reproductive processes. TLR2-induced physiological inflammation, characterized by transient and precisely controlled inflammatory responses, is essential for facilitating sperm-triggered uterine clearance and promoting embryo implantation, thus maintaining reproductive homeostasis. This homeostasis represents a dynamic equilibrium of immune, endocrine, and cellular interactions essential for successful reproduction. Conversely, pathological inflammation, often driven by TLR4, can result in severe tissue damage, impairing fertility and pregnancy outcomes. This review highlights the shared and distinct signaling pathways of TLR2 and TLR4, their interplay mediated by co-receptors (TLR1 and TLR6) and regulatory molecules such as SOCS-1 and A20, and the implications of their dimerization. Understanding how physiological and pathological inflammation overlap and influence reproductive processes is critical for advancing fertility treatments. Targeting these pathways presents a promising therapeutic approach to address inflammation-related infertility and improve reproductive health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.