ArticleScientific reports2025
Human health risk assessment of nitrate in repeatedly boiled water using Univariate regression and Monte Carlo simulation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Exposure to nitrate-contaminated water can increase the risk of methemoglobinemia and cancers. This experimental study investigate the effects of repeated boiling on nitrate level and their associated health risks. In this experimental study, 30 water samples were collected-15 tap water samples and 15 prepared using standard synthetic solutions containing standardized nitrate concentrations (prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate)-with nitrate levels measured using a DR 5000™ UV-Vis spectrophotometer. This study used Univariate regression to analyze boiling cycles, volume reduction, and nitrate levels. Health risks were assessed via EPA's HQ method with Monte Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Findings showed tap water's initial nitrate concentration (0.56 ± 0.08 mg/L) increased significantly after boiling (p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed a 0.75 mg/L nitrate rise per boiling cycle (R
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