ArticlePediatric research2026
Associations of human milk leptin with maternal obesity and early infant weight trajectories.
Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Accelerated early weight gain of neonatal puppies from overweight bitches compared to lean dams in spite of similar milk macronutrient composition.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo explore changes in adipokines during different stages of lactation, particularly in the context of maternal obesity, and their effect on growth trajectories by age 6 months.
methodsMother-infant dyads (n = 303) were enrolled from a birth cohort study. Data concerning maternal pre-pregnancy weight, infants' breastfeeding practices, and anthropometric data were obtained regularly. We determined and compared leptin and adiponectin in colostrum and 2-month postpartum milk, in obese/ overweight and normal-weight mothers. Linear regression analyses were used to analyze the relationship between adipokines during lactation and infant growth metrics, specifically weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), up to 6 months of age.
resultsObese and overweight mothers exhibited higher leptin in 2-month milk (P < 0.001). While univariate analysis suggested an inverse relationship between 2-month leptin and WAZ changes up to 6 months (Beta =-0.13, P = 0.042), adjustments for confounders rendered this association to nonsignificant (adjusted Beta = -0.12, P = 0.06). Multiple regression analysis identified WAZ at birth as an independent predictor of WAZ at six months (adjusted Beta = 0.36, P < 0.001).
conclusionInsufficient evidence shows that leptin in the 2-month milk is independently associated with WAZ outcome at age 6 months, irrespective of maternal pre-pregnancy weight categories. IMPACT: To date, large-scale study involving more than 300 mother-infant dyads, that explore the changes in adipokines during different stages of lactation in the context of maternal obesity, and their effect on infant growth is still lacking. There is insufficient evidence showing that leptin in the colostrum or mature milk is independently associated with the weight outcome at 6 months of age, irrespective of maternal pre-pregnancy weight categories. Birth weight z-scores is strongly associated with early postnatal growth. Longer follow-up studies are necessary to explore whether leptin in human milk could modulate later obesity risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40615525What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.