ArticleMolecular pharmaceutics2025
Elucidating the Solubility Enhancement of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients through Hydrotropy: A Case of Local Anesthetics.
Article in Molecular pharmaceutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Formulation Strategies to Enhance the Solubility of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs and Phytochemicals: Current Advances and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Solubility of Incongruently Melting Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Cocrystals: The Hydrochlorothiazide-Nicotinamide System.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydrotropy has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the solubility and the availability of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To understand the hydrotropic effect on API solubility, it is crucial to investigate the molecular interactions and phase behavior in the API-hydrotrope-water system. The solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) phase diagram of the ternary system aids in quantifying the hydrotropic effect and can guide the selection of an effective hydrotrope and its concentration. However, experimental determination of the complete SLE phase diagram at different temperatures is challenging and labor-intensive. This study introduces a thermodynamic-based method for selecting hydrotropes to enhance the solubility of APIs in water, considering API-hydrotrope, API-water, and hydrotrope-water interactions. The approach was demonstrated using three APIs, lidocaine, procaine, and benzocaine, and three hydrotropes, nicotinamide, caffeine, and urea. The SLE phase diagram of the ternary API-hydrotrope-water systems was predicted using the melting properties of the system components and their activity coefficients in the liquid solution, calculated with the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model. The NRTL model binary interaction parameters were obtained from experimental SLE data for API-hydrotrope, API-water, and hydrotrope-water binary systems. The predicted SLE diagrams of the ternary API-hydrotrope-water systems revealed that the studied systems are eutectic systems with maximum API solubility at the eutectic point. Moreover, the thermodynamic analysis has shown that an efficient hydrotrope strongly interacts with API and water, with nicotinamide yielding the highest API solubility enhancement for the studied systems. This study highlights the potential of thermodynamic modeling in guiding the selection of hydrotropes and their concentrations to achieve the targeted API solubility in water.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.