ArticleScience advances2025
Femtosecond laser-assisted printing of hard magnetic microrobots for swimming upstream in subcentimeter-per-second blood flow.
Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Task-Oriented Biomedical Microrobots: Access, Working Environment, Actuation, Body Design, Detection and Control.Micromachines · 2026Review
- Magnetically actuated miniature bamboo-fiber robots for antibiotic removal from water.iScience · 2026Article
- Magnetically Driven Elastic Microswimmers: Exploiting Hysteretic Collapse for Autonomous Propulsion and Independent Control.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- Photonic-integrated quantum sensor array for microscale magnetic localisation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Enhancing soft robots with chemical shielding for harsh corrosive liquid environments.Materials horizons · 2026Article
- Generalized direct fabrication of embedded-magnet microrobots with enhanced material compatibility.Journal of micro-bio robotics · 2026Article
- Embodied Cross-Domain Intelligence in Biomedical Microrobots: A Review.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Modular magnetic microrobot system for robust endoluminal navigation and high-radial force stent delivery in complex ductal anatomy.Science advances · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Magnetic microrobots have garnered increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their wireless motion control and noninvasive therapeutic potential. However, current microrobots fabricated from soft magnetic materials exhibit critical limitations, including weak magnetic response and uncontrollable locomotion in high-rate blood flow, which hinder their practical applications. Here, we develop a fabrication method for three-dimensional (3D) hard magnetic microrobots (HM-microrobots) containing neodymium-iron-boron particles. HM-microrobots, featuring programmable 3D helical morphologies, are fabricated by integrating two-photon polymerization printing of molds in positive photoresist with subsequent vacuum infusion molding of hard magnetic slurries. The microrobots achieve a maximum swimming velocity of 22.6 body lengths per second (3 millimeters per second) in a weak rotating magnetic field of 2 millitesla, which represents a notable improvement over their soft magnetic counterparts. Furthermore, they demonstrate controllable upstream propulsion in subcentimeter-per-second blood flow, showing great potential for endovascular applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.