Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40614195›Full record

ArticleScience advances2025

Seasonal sea ice characterized the glacial Arctic-Atlantic gateway over the past 750,000 years.

Jochen Knies, Lukas Smik, Pengyang Song, Monica Winsborrow, Henning A Bauch, Gerrit Lohmann, Simon T Belt

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jochen KniesGeological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-0114-5629
Lukas SmikBiogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2280-7342
Pengyang SongAlfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-1791-9454
Monica WinsborrowiC3: Centre for ice, Cryosphere, Carbon and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.ORCID 0000-0001-5950-1254
Henning A BauchAlfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-4599-6916
Gerrit LohmannAlfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany.
Simon T BeltBiogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1570-2924

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The past occurrence of an extreme ~1-kilometer-thick Arctic Ocean-Nordic Seas ice shelf has been inferred from submarine landscape features and geochemical records, although fundamental aspects of its characteristics, impacts, and timing remain highly debated. Here, we challenge this pan-Arctic glaciation hypothesis by investigating two sites from the Arctic-Atlantic gateway (AAG) and the Nordic Seas. Suborbital to millennial-scale surface water bioproductivity changes provide no evidence for a continuous ice shelf in the AAG and the Nordic Seas over the past ~750,000 years. Instead, proxy data and model simulations reveal the persistent presence of seasonal sea ice cover and open water phytoplankton blooms during both glacial and interglacial times. If the AAG and Nordic Seas were ever covered by an ice shelf during these times, then it must have been a partial, or at best, a very short-lived glacial phenomenon.

Identifiers

PMID40614195
PMCPMC12227056

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.