Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40611629›Full record

ArticleActa psychiatrica Scandinavica2025

Does Lithium Lower the Risk of Glaucoma-A Danish Nationwide Study.

Tomas Hajek, Orestes Forlenza, Marcelo Nicolela, Ann-Eva Christensen, Henrik Vorum, René Ernst Nielsen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Tomas HajekDepartment of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0281-8458
Orestes ForlenzaDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-6962-5899
Marcelo NicolelaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Ann-Eva ChristensenPsychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
Henrik VorumAalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
René Ernst NielsenPsychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-7982-6352

Funding

CIHR 142255CIHR 180449CIHR 186254
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGlaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by neurodegenerative loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Mechanisms that contribute to RGC death include some of the same mechanisms involved in bipolar disorders (BD) and are the same mechanisms which are targeted by lithium (Li). We conducted a pharmacoepidemiological, population study in Denmark testing the links between Li prescriptions and risk of glaucoma. STUDY

designA nationwide, register-based historical, prospective cohort study of participants who were alive and over the age of 18 between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2019. Participants were followed from the start of study until censoring or glaucoma. STUDY

resultsA total of 7,683,398 individuals (51.3% females) contributing 121,366,461 person-years were included in the study. In the general population, Li exposure was associated with developing glaucoma (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02-1.19, p = 0.01), but this association was not present in the population with BD (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.93-1.22, p = 0.34). In the cumulative dosage analyses of the entire population, people with no Li prescription (HR = 0.78 95% CI = 0.66-0.93, p = 0.01) and between 365 defined daily doses (DDDs) and 5 × 365 DDDs of Li showed significantly reduced risk of glaucoma, relative to at least one prescription (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.64-0.99, p < 0.05).

conclusionBDs as indexed by Li prescription are associated with a greater risk of glaucoma. This is in keeping with generally increased rates of medical comorbidities in BD. While there was no clear dose-response relationship, some of the higher cumulative exposures to Li might be protective relative to a single prescription.

Indexed as

Bipolar DisorderGlaucomaLithiumLithium CompoundsRegistriesAdultAgedDenmarkFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPharmacoepidemiologyProspective StudiesRisk FactorsLithiumLithium Compoundsbipolar disordersglaucomalithiumpharmacoepidemiology

Identifiers

PMID40611629
PMCPMC12404884

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