SynthesisAnnals of medicine2025
The spectrum of overlapping anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes: a systematic review of presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes.
Synthesis in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- D-serine ameliorates cognitive deficits by preserving neuronal and synaptic function in experimental anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Triple antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis overlap: a case report of co-existing MOG-IgG, anti-NMDAR, and anti-mGluR5 positivity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Overlap syndrome of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and MOG-associated disease in a pediatric patient-literature insights.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Microstructural white matter alterations and cognitive impairment in anti-NMDAR encephalitis: evidence from T1w/T2w ratio analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: AQP4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with CSF anti- NMDAR1 IgG positivity and encephalitic features.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- MOGAD: A Shifting Landscape-From Pathogenesis to Personalised Management, Global Perspectives and Latin American Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis and MOGAD associated optic neuritis: a case series.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
- Clinical characteristics of MOG antibody-positive anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a single-center retrospective study.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnti-NMDAR encephalitis frequently overlaps with demyelinating diseases (MOGAD, NMOSD, MS), creating complex syndromes with diverse presentations and challenging management.
methodsSystematic search of databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to March 2024 for studies on co-existing anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes. Data extracted on clinical characteristics, diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes.
resultsTwenty-five studies identified 256 patients (16.2%) with co-existing Anti-NMDAR encephalitis and demyelinating syndromes, primarily MOGAD (94.5%), with fewer cases involving NMOSD or MS. The Anti-NMDAR + MOGAD subgroup exhibited seizures (51-72.7%), psychiatric symptoms (45.5-71.4%), cognitive dysfunction (30.6%), and movement disorders (30.6%). All patients had CSF anti-NMDAR antibodies, with MOG (60%) or AQP4 (25%) antibodies. Use of standardized, cell-based assays and adherence to established criteria are essential to avoid false positives, particularly for MOG. MRI abnormalities were seen in 75% of patients. First-line immunotherapies were effective in 70% of cases; 80% of refractory cases responded to second-line therapies.
conclusionsAnti-NMDAR encephalitis overlapping with demyelinating diseases is challenging. Tailored treatments based on detailed immune profiles are key to better outcomes.
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