ArticleCritical care (London, England)2025
Longitudinal analysis of lung microbiome, immune response, and metabolism in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a cohort study.
Article in Critical care (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- The role of the respiratory microbiome in acute and chronic respiratory diseases.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Lung microbiome features associated with ICU delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: a secondary cohort analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Palmitoleic acid loss links pulmonary dysbiosis to lung injury after single-lung ventilation.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Microbial signatures and host immune responses associated with the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients with neurological injuries.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Immune monitoring, immune phenotyping, and precision intervention in severe pneumonia: current evidence and translational challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Alveolar dysregulation of host response in pneumonia and ARDS: implications for immune modulation and infection.Annals of intensive care · 2026Review
- Therapeutic strategies against biofilm-associated multidrug-resistantFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Reappraising traumatic brain injury and ventilator-associated pneumonia through the brain-lung-immune-microbiome axis.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication in patients under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the lung microbiome, inflammatory response, and metabolism in patients undergoing IMV to identify factors that may predispose them to developing VAP.
objectivesTo investigate how changes in lung microbiome composition, inflammatory response, and metabolic profiles may predispose patients undergoing IMV to develop VAP.
methodsPatients requiring IMV for at least 48 h due to non-infectious respiratory failure were enrolled. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected at baseline, upon VAP diagnosis, or after 72 h for non-VAP cases. DNA sequencing, cytokine quantification, and metabolomic analyses were performed.
resultsOf the 80 patients, 41 (51%) developed VAP. No significant differences in alpha or beta diversity of the lung microbiome were observed between groups. However, both groups showed changes in microbiome composition over time, suggesting an impact of IMV. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) lung levels were significantly higher in VAP patients, while lung interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) increased in all patients. Metabolomic analysis revealed shifts in pentose phosphate and citric acid cycle pathways, indicating a transition to anaerobic metabolism in the lungs of VAP patients.
conclusionsMechanical ventilation was associated with temporal changes in lung microbiome composition independent of VAP development. VAP cases exhibited higher TNF-α levels and metabolic profiles indicative of anaerobic adaptation, while IL-1β elevations were primarily linked to mechanical ventilation rather than infection.
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