Clinicopathological features and reclassification of penile squamous cell carcinoma according to WHO classification 2022 for penile carcinoma with p16 immunohistochemical expression and its prognostic impact.

Vaanya Kaushik, Kanthilatha Pai, Anuradha Rao, Swati Sharma

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Article in Diagnostic pathology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

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2 citing papers in PubMed.

Histology-Specific Survival in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A SEER-Based Study Highlighting Human Papillomavirus Status and Prognostic Subtypes.Cancers · 2025
Article
Penile squamous cell carcinoma in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): RAS-pathway mechanisms and management - A case report.Urology case reports · 2025
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4 authors.

Vaanya KaushikDept of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.

Kanthilatha PaiDept of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India. kl.pai@manipal.edu.

Anuradha RaoDept of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.

Swati SharmaDept of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common type of penile cancer, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most highly associated risk factors. The WHO classification for penile SCC (2022) strongly recommends and advocates penile SCC to be reported as HPV-associated or HPV-independent type in pathology reports. Further, p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is recommended to classify SCC into the above major types, although it is not completely reliable for HPV infection. Although there are no established differences in the prognosis or treatment between HPV-associated and HPV-independent penile tumours, there is recent evidence to suggest that HPV-associated SCC may respond better to radiation therapy, immunotherapy, etc. AIM AND

objectivesThis study aims to = analyse the clinicopathological features of penile squamous cell carcinoma and reclassify penile SCC into HPV-associated and HPV-independent types to align with the WHO classification of penile carcinoma (2022) and study the expression of p16 by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we studied the prognostic significance of HPV-associated and independent SCC based on histology and p16 immunostaining. MATERIALS AND

methodsThis is a five-year retrospective single-institution study that included all diagnosed cases of penile SCC. Clinicopathological features and p16 expressions were studied and analysed.

resultsA total of 72 cases of penile SCC were included during the study period. The mean age of occurrence of penile SCC was 58 years. The most common site of the tumor was the glans penis (50.74%). We encountered only 6 cases (8.3%) of HPV-associated type of penile SCC, while the majority belonged to the HPV-independent type (91.7%) based on histology. p16 immunohistochemistry showed positivity in 15 cases (21%) and negativity in 57 cases (79%). Most of the tumors showed favorable features- histological grade I, pathological T1 stage with a low incidence of nodal metastasis. There was a strong association between histological subtyping into HPV-associated and independent SCC with p16 IHC expression (p = 0.015). Classification of penile SCC by histology and p16 expression into HPV associated and independent type showed no prognostic significance with pathological stage but was significant with histological grade and lymph node metastasis.

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorCarcinoma, Squamous CellCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Papillomavirus InfectionsPenile NeoplasmsAdultAgedAged, 80 and overHumansImmunohistochemistryMaleMiddle AgedPrognosisRetrospective StudiesWorld Health OrganizationBiomarkers, TumorCDKN2A protein, humanCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16HPVp16 immunohistochemistryPenile squamous cell carcinomaWHO classification

Identifiers

PMID40611164

DOI10.1186/s13000-025-01676-5

PMCPMC12231722

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