ArticleBMC health services research2025
Healthcare resource use and costs among patients with COVID-19 in the United States.
Article in BMC health services research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- COVID-19 and Global Perinatal Health: Lessons Learned on Maternal-Neonatal Outcomes, Infant Feeding Practices, and Health Care Economics across Income Settings.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Article
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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19 remains common in the US, but up-to-date data on health care resource utilization and cost remain limited, particularly during Omicron predominance.
methodsThis study was conducted using administrative claims data from the HealthVerity database. All available records in medical claims, pharmacy claims, laboratory tests, charge data master, and related enrollment, including COVID-19 events, from December 24, 2021 to April 30, 2022, were extracted. Outpatient and inpatient health care resource utilization (HCRU) and cost for the 28-day follow-up period after COVID-19 index date were calculated.
resultsA total of 1,203,769 patients with COVID-19 were included in the HCRU analysis; of these, 377,945 had non-missing cost data and were included in the costing analysis. The median age was 43 years, and 90.3% were < 65 years of age. A total of 70.4% had at least one comorbidity, and 40.5% had filled at least one medication prescription with potential major drug-drug interaction (DDI) with ritonavir in the preceding 12 months. Among these COVID-19 patients, 44.4% had outpatient, 5.3% had emergency room, and 1.2% had urgent care visits; 1.9% were hospitalized. Among hospitalized patients, median length of stay was 3 days; 18.9% were admitted to the intensive care unit and 3.4% required invasive mechanical ventilation. Total mean treatment cost during the follow-up period was 4,965 (outpatient: 2,686; pharmacy: 2,278) among patients who were never hospitalized, and 33,329 among hospitalized patients (with $22,919 for inpatient care). HCRU and treatment costs were higher in patients aged 65 or older, and in those with comorbidities or medication prescriptions with ritonavir DDIs, regardless of whether they required hospitalization.
conclusionsDuring the first four months of the Omicron wave, the economic burden of COVID-19 remained substantial. Older age and co-morbidities were associated with higher HCRU and treatment costs. This study provides data for future research evaluating the full economic impact of COVID-19 in the US.
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