[Identification and determination of organic compounds in the gas and particulate matter released by incense burning by ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

Statistical evidence indicates that individuals spend approximately 90% of their time indoors on a daily basis. A multitude of human activities， including incense burning， cooking， smoking， and the use of electrical appliances， can contribute to indoor air pollution. This phenomenon poses a significant risk of indoor exposure to human health risks. Incense burning， as one of the major indoor pollution sources， has been increasing in use in recent years due to its special effects in religious practices and regional lifestyles. Incense usually consists of herbs， wood powder， bamboo sticks， scented materials， and binder powders， and the specific chemical composition of each type of material is complex due to different uses and manufacturing processes； and the degree of complete combustion， thermal degradation and volatilization processes of different types of incense vary greatly， resulting in the release of gaseous and particulate organic compounds whose compositions are not yet clear. Studies have shown that the emission factors of particulate matter released from incense burning may be much higher than those produced during the combustion of charcoal， wood and cigarettes. The levels of organic pollutants emitted by incense burning， such as aromatic hydrocarbons， esters， ketones， benzenes， and phenols， are much higher than outdoor levels. Prolonged exposure to incense smoke has been shown to cause respiratory damage and potential genotoxicity. Therefore， accurate identification and measurement of the organic pollutants emitted from incense burning is particularly important to accurately assess their environmental and population health risks. Herein， this study established an analytical method based on ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） for the simultaneous determination of 67 organic compounds in gaseous and particulate emissions from incense burning. These compounds include 29 esters， seven benzene series， 14 phenols， and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Particulate and gaseous components released during indoor incense burning were collected using quartz filter membrane and self-made XAD-2 resin sampling tubes， respectively. Non-targeted analysis of incense components was performed using a GC-quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry （GC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS） to achieve preliminary identification of trace organic compounds in the incense-burning samples. Subsequently， targeted analysis was conducted using GC-MS in selected ion monitoring （SIM） mode， with quantification performed using the external standard method. Method validation results demonstrated good linearity for all 67 organic compounds within the range of 10 to 500 μg/L， with correlation coefficients （