ArticleEuropean journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe2026
Effects of Galilean Loupes on Dental Students' Posture and Cavity Preparation Quality.
Article in European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effects of Galilean Loupes on Dental Students' Posture and Cavity Preparation Quality.European journal of dental education : official journal of the Association for Dental Education in Europe · 2026Article
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3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study investigated the effect of different magnification levels of the Galilean system loupes on dental students' working posture and the quality of cavity preparations. MATERIALS AND
methodsAn experimental study was conducted, with the response variables being compliance with ergonomic posture requirements (measured using the Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture-CADEP) and quality of cavity preparation (assessed using the Class One Cavity Preparation Assessment-COCA). The independent variable was the magnification level of the Galilean system loupe, tested at four levels: naked eyes, 2.5×, 3.0×, and 3.5×. Second-year undergraduate dental students (N = 40) participated and were divided into Groups I and II. Each student performed cavity preparation at each magnification level, resulting in four preparations per student. Group I started with the naked eye, whereas Group II began with loupes at different magnifications. After 1 week, the conditions were reversed. Working postures were captured in photographs and analysed using CADEP, whereas the quality of the cavity preparations was assessed using COCA. After verifying normality and sphericity, a one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test (α = 5%) was conducted.
resultsThe second results showed that at 3.0× magnification, both compliance with ergonomic posture and the quality of class I cavity preparations were significantly superior compared to the naked eye (p < 0.001).
conclusionsGalilean loupes of 3.0× provided the best balance, improved working posture, and enhanced procedural quality.
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