ArticlePLoS pathogens2025
TNF signaling mediates cellular immune function and promotes malaria parasite killing in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cross-species TNF-α signaling in mosquitoes promotes malaria transmission.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- The brain of the female Anopheles gambiae mosquito at spatial and single-cell resolution.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Blood feeding, microbiota, and layered mosquito immunity: from pathway phenotypes to vector competence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Characterization of Anopheles gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Holobiont-holobiont interactions across host-ectoparasite systems.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Influence of blood feeding and infection on arthropod hemocytes.Current opinion in insect science · 2025Review
- Anopheles gambiae phagocytic hemocytes promote Plasmodium falciparum infection by regulating midgut epithelial integrity.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Exploring new dimensions of immune cell biology inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine and a master regulator of immune cell function in vertebrates. While previous studies have implicated TNF signaling in invertebrate immunity, the roles of TNF in mosquito innate immunity and vector competence have yet to be functionally explored. Herein, we confirm the identification of a conserved TNF-α pathway in Anopheles gambiae consisting of the TNF-α ligand, Eiger, and its cognate receptors Wengen and Grindelwald. Through gene expression analysis, RNAi, and in vivo injection of recombinant TNF-α, we provide direct evidence for the requirement of TNF signaling in regulating mosquito immune cell function by promoting granulocyte midgut attachment, increased granulocyte abundance, and oenocytoid rupture. Moreover, our data demonstrate that TNF signaling is an integral component of anti-Plasmodium immunity that limits malaria parasite survival. Together, our data support the existence of a highly conserved TNF signaling pathway in mosquitoes that mediates cellular immunity and influences Plasmodium infection outcomes, offering potential new approaches to interfere with malaria transmission by targeting the mosquito host.
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