Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40608468›Full record

ArticleJournal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition2026

Interresponse times in free recall.

Nathaniel R Greene, Shai T Goldman, Michael J Kahana

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Revisiting Hebb: The Mechanisms of Repetition Learning.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Nathaniel R GreeneDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.ORCID 0000-0001-6758-6761
Shai T GoldmanDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.
Michael J KahanaDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.

Funding

Associative Processes in Episodic MemoryR01MH055687 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI KAHANA, MICHAEL JACOB · 2002 to 2024
$7.9M
Associative Processes in Episodic MemoryRF1MH055687 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI KAHANA, MICHAEL JACOB · 2025 to 2025
$1.1M
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF HUMAN MEMORYR29MH055687 · NIMH · BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY · PI KAHANA, MICHAEL JACOB · 1997 to 2001
$218k
An Investigation of the Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Age-Related Declines in Episodic Memory Representational SpecificityF32AG087646 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI GREENE, NATHANIEL ROBERT · 2024 to 2025
$155k
NIA NIH HHS F32 AG087646NIH HHSNIMH NIH HHS R01 MH055687NIMH NIH HHS R29 MH055687NIMH NIH HHS RF1 MH055687
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In free recall procedures, the order and timing of participants' responses can inform our understanding of human memory. Analyzing a corpus of more than half a million freely recalled words from 127 young adult participants, we develop a statistical model of interresponse times (IRTs) as a function of the temporal and semantic relations among the recalled items and their positions in the output sequence. Residual IRTs exhibited strong sequential dependencies, being positively correlated at lags of one and two transitions. We used this IRT model to evaluate the hypothesis that chunking helps participants learn unstructured materials. Specifically, we hypothesized that chunks would appear as a slow IRT, indicative of a boundary, followed by a sequence of fast IRTs. Model-based analyses that included sequential dependencies in IRTs offered evidence for spontaneous chunking in free recall of lists that lacked any grouping or hierarchical structure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

Mental RecallAdultFemaleHumansMaleModels, StatisticalSemanticsTime FactorsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID40608468
PMCPMC12233134

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.