Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40605957›Full record

ArticleSchizophrenia research. Cognition2025

ADHD and schizophrenia: Mere prodromal variant or homogeneous subgroup?

J B Schulze, F Simnacher, T J Müller, J Kirchebner, F Quatela, C Mikutta, S Euler, R von Känel, M P Günther

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Schizophrenia research. Cognition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

J B SchulzeDepartment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
F SimnacherDepartment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
T J MüllerPrivatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, 3600 Meiringen, Switzerland.
J KirchebnerDepartment of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
F QuatelaPrivatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, 3600 Meiringen, Switzerland.
C MikuttaPrivatklinik Meiringen, Willigen, 3600 Meiringen, Switzerland.
S EulerDepartment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
R von KänelDepartment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
M P GüntherDepartment of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zürich, Switzerland.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood is associated with a relative risk of 4.74 (95 % CI, 4.11-5.46) for developing schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) later in life; if other comorbidities exist the risk is 2.1-fold higher. There is no guideline on treating ADHD in SSD and no research on the effect of this combination on length of inpatient treatment, type of pharmacotherapy and employment status. This study aims to further explore the role of ADHD in SSD. Methods: Latent Class Analysis (LCA) uses no a priori assumptions in testing for homogeneous subgroups within a data sample of 2871 inpatient treatment cases of SSD from three psychiatric hospitals. Data was extracted from case files and statistical reports to the federal statistical office. Results: Two subgroups are identified. One primarily consists of individuals with SSD and ADHD (estimated population size of 3 %). In comparison to the other subgroup with SSD and no ADHD (97 %), these individuals more frequently have other mental comorbidities, especially substance use disorders, are unemployed and about half are administered stimulants. All studied individuals were administered antipsychotics and length of inpatient stay was similar in both subgroups. Conclusion: ADHD and SSD define a subgroup of individuals with specific treatment needs and additional burden of disease. ADHD is more than an initial misdiagnosis or random precursor disease of SSD. Treating psychiatrists seem to frequently administer stimulants.

Indexed as

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderExplorative analysisLatent class analysisPsychiatric comorbiditiesPsychiatric disordersSchizophrenia spectrum disorder

Identifiers

PMID40605957
PMCPMC12214124

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.