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ArticleRespiratory research2025

Reference equations for pulmonary function testing in healthy Chinese children aged 4-18 years.

Jinhong Wu, Hao Zhang, Yufen Wu, Qiaoling Zhang, Ming Li, Fuli Dai, Changfu Xu, Yongsheng Shi, Ning Wang, ChunMei Jia and 25 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Respiratory research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

35 authors.

Jinhong Wu *Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 400127, China.
Hao Zhang *Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 400127, China. zhang123hao2004@163.com.
Yufen Wu *Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 400127, China.
Qiaoling Zhang *Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010020, China.
Ming Li *Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, 650000, China.
Fuli Dai *Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Luoyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Luoyang, 471026, China.
Changfu Xu *Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying, Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
Yongsheng Shi *Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Maternity and Child-care Hospital of Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial central Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
Ning Wang *Asthma Centre of Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, 710003, China.
ChunMei Jia *Department of Pediatric Respiratory, The fourth Hospital of Baotou (Baotou Children's Hospital), 014030, Inner Mongolia, China.
Sha Liu *Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
Yuehua Zhang *Department of Pediatrics, Haikou people's Hospital, Haikou, 570208, China.
Zhongping Zhang *Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
Aihong Liu *Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030013, China.
Fei Wang *Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guiyang (Guiyang Children's Hospital), Guiyang, 550003, China.
Li Liu *Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Children's Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
Qiang Chen *Department of Pediatrics, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, China.
Jinrong Wang *The pediatric respiratory department of Shandong provincial hospital affiliated to Shandong first medical university, Jinan, 250021, China.
Yuling Han *Department of Respiratory, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China.
Yuxin Song *Department of Allergy, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, 150010, China.
Yong Feng *Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
Yun Sun *General Pediatric, Yinchuan Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Yinchuan, 750001, China.
Huaping Rao *Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China.
Lili Zhong *Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, 410005, China.
Quanhua Liu *Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
Liya Wan *Respiratory department of Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, 300074, China.
Zhen Long *Department of Pediatric respiratory medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
Xiaoyan Dong *Department of Pulmonology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
Yanli Zhang *Department of Pediatrics, The third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450014, China.
Wenhui Jiang *Department of Respiratory, Women and Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
Minghong Ji *Department of Pediatrics, the first affiliated hospital of USTC Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, 230001, China.
Jianfeng Huang *Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
Zhiwei Pan *Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, 528099, China.
Dongjun Ma *Department of Allergy, Children's Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi, 830002, China.
Suping Tang *Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fuzhou Children's Hospital in Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350001, China.

Funding

Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission Foundation 21ZR1440800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAccurate spirometry reference equations are essential for diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions in children. Although the GLI Global Equations have been proposed for general use, there were few Asian populations available for inclusion. This study aims to develop and validate spirometric reference equations for healthy Chinese children.

methodsFrom May 2018 to May 2021, a cross-sectional study involving healthy Chinese Han children aged 4 to 18 years was conducted by 33 research centers across 24 regions in China. Participants were recruited directly from schools, and physical growth indices (height, weight) were measured. Spirometry tests were performed and demographic and medical history data were collected through questionnaires. New prediction equations were developed using multiple linear regression models with age, height, and weight as predictors. And comparisons were made with existing Caucasian and Chinese pediatric reference equations.

resultsLung function was assessed in 8929 healthy Chinese Han children. Age, weight, and height emerged as strong predictors of lung function (p < 0.001), and sex-specific reference equations incorporating these factors demonstrated high accuracy in internal validation, yielding mean z-scores within a narrow range of -0.004 to -0.069. In comparison, the Zapletal equations overestimated FEV

conclusionThis study developed new spirometry reference equations tailored for healthy Chinese children, with differences noted compared to existing equations. These equations reflect contemporary growth patterns and regional diversity in China, providing an additional option for clinical use.

trial registrationNO.: ChiCTR: 1,800,019,029. Registered 22 October 2018.

Indexed as

LungRespiratory Function TestsSpirometryAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolChinaCross-Sectional StudiesEast Asian PeopleFemaleForced Expiratory VolumeHumansMaleReference ValuesVital CapacityChinese childrenPulmonary function testReference equationsSpirometry

Identifiers

PMID40605070
PMCPMC12224709

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.