ArticleBMC oral health2025
Comparative assessment of biocompatibility of various fluoride agents in cell culture.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of various fluoride agents using L929 fibroblast and human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell cultures. MATERIALS AND
methodsFive different fluoride agents were included in the study; 1.23% Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride (APF) gel (Sultan Health Care, Engle Wood, USA), 2% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) gel (Sultan Health Care, Engle Wood, USA), 1% Titanium Tetrafluoride (TiF₄) solution (Sigma-Aldrich
resultsNaF gel exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblast cell line, while APF gel demonstrated the least cytotoxicity in HGF cells. Both APF and NaF gels significantly induced apoptosis in L929 cells, with no notable apoptotic effects observed in HGF cells treated with these agents. Conversely, TiF₄ solution and NaF varnish consistently induced apoptosis across both cell lines, whereas SDF solution did not elicit significant apoptotic activity. In terms of genotoxicity, TiF₄ solution showed significant genotoxic effects, while SDF solution demonstrated the lowest genotoxic potential. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratios for all fluoride agents tested in the present study were found to be greater than 1, indicating that these agents induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, with a predominance of pro-apoptotic signals.
conclusionsSilver Diamine Fluoride, which gained substantial attention especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, has emerged as a highly effective and minimally invasive option for arresting caries and preventing early enamel lesions. With its rapid action and favorable safety profile, SDF solution is increasingly recognized as a superior alternative to commonly used topical fluoride agents, particularly in clinical settings where traditional dental procedures may carry heightened risks or present logistical challenges. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides critical insights into the biocompatibility profiles of commonly used fluoride agents, offering evidence-based guidance for their clinical application. Among the tested agents, SDF stands out for its minimal cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, coupled with its proven efficacy in caries arrest and enamel lesion prevention. By highlighting the distinct biocompatibility and apoptotic profiles of various fluoride agents, the findings support informed decision-making in selecting appropriate fluoride therapies to optimize patient safety and treatment outcomes.
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